.TH DWARFDUMP
.SH NAME
dwarfdump \- dumps DWARF debug information of an ELF object
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dwarfdump [options] \f2objectfilename\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
The 
.B dwarfdump
command prints or checks DWARF sections as requested by specific options.
With no options (but with the required \f2objectfilename\fP ) 
all sections print (but some sections cannot be printed independently
safely, so those are only printed at offsets where the .debug_info section
refers to those sections).
.PP
As of June 2011 the printing options and the checking options
are mutually exclusive (if checking options are selected 
the section details are not printed). When errors are encountered
dwarfdump does attempt to print sufficient context so that
one can understand exactly where the error is in the DWARF.
This change makes checking really large object files
much easier.
.PP
The format is intended to be human readable.
If a script is to parse the output, the
.B \-d
option is useful.
.PP
Not all sections actually exist in any given object file.
.PP
The format may change from release to release, so it is
unwise to depend too heavily on the format.
.PP
Frame information (.debug_frame and .eh_frame) is heavily
dependent on the ABI/ISA of the object file. 
By default we use a generic set of register names
handling up to 100 registers named r0-100.
The '-R' option uses a built-in generic register name set
handling up to 1200 registers named r0-r1199.
The '-x abi=<abi>'
description below shows how to name an abi and use that to guide
the -f or -F processing.
Unless the cpu for the object file being dumped has many registers,
do not use -R or -x abi=generic as those can be needlessly 
slow dumping frame sections. Instead, use the correct
abi (if it exists in dwarfdump.conf) or a generic such
as -x abi=generic100 or -x abi=generic500.
To get MIPS/IRIX register names names and call the old version 2 libdwarf
frame interface use the option '-x abi=mips'.
Without '-R' or '-x abi=<abi>' dwarfdump ignores
the dwarfdump.conf file and uses compiled-in generic set of
register names.
If no '-x name=<path>' is given, dwarfdump
looks for "./dwarfdump.conf", "$HOME/.dwarfdump.conf", "<install-prefix>/lib/dwarfdump.conf" and takes the first it finds.
If one or more '-x name=<path>' is given the last of these is
used and all other such files are ignored.
.PP
If '-x nosanitizestrings' is given then unprintable characters
are not translated to '%xx' (two digit hex
preceded by the '%' character)  (with
this option bogus characters 
in strings could cause terminal windows to behave oddly).
.PP
Some -k (checking) options print so-called harmless errors.
These are compiler errors that do not cause any
known problem and are only detected inside libdwarf itself.
These are difficult to properly report in dwarfdump and
any error strings may not appear close to the time the
error was encountered.
.PP
If zlib compression was used on the DWARF sections
in the object file being read the
real section names such as .zdebug_info etc will be reported by
dwarfdump.  
When dwarfdump says something is at offset 55 
of .zdebug_info (or the like) keep in mind that 
the offset applies to the
uncompressed section (in memory), 
not the .zdebug_ compressed section
in \f2objectfilename\fP. 
.SH URI STYLE INPUT STRINGS
.PP
The <objectfilename> and the options taking name strings look for URIs and
translate the URI strings to characters by default
(see -x, -c<compiler name>, -S, -u).
So any single % character is treated as if the following two
characters are hex digits representing the underlying true character.
Various characters are meaningful to shells (such as bash or sh) 
and to getopt (such as the space character) 
If the URI translation does anything it prints the before and after
of the URI translation on standard output, so inspection of the first
lines of output will show if URI did anything.
The actual options themselves are assumed to be non-URI.
So in the option '-cS&T' the -c portion must be non-URI, but the
& character might cause input issues so '-cS%26T' could be used instead.
To actually input a single % character (in a name, for example), 
double it to %% on the command line.
.PP
Options -U (turning off URI interpretation) and -q (making finding
URI sequences silent) give finer control of URI interpretation.
PP
As an example, to get a string'a b' make the string 'a%20b'
(here the quote (') is for exposition not part of the string, though
quote is certainly problematic in a name).
Instead of escaping " quotes in the string, type %25, as in
 'a "b' should be typed 'a%20%25b'
Any characters can be typed in URI style, not just characters
which are problematic to the shell or getopt.
We strongly suggest you not type URI-style characters where
such are not needed or use
the % character itself in command line strings unless you must.
.SH PRINTING OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-a
Print each section as independently as possible. Sections that
can safely be printed independently (like .debug_abbrev)
have relevant info printed in the report (sometimes dependent
on -v).

.TP
.B \-b
Print the .debug_abbrev section. Because the DWARF specifications
do not rule out garbage data areas in .debug_abbrev (if they are not
referenced from .debug_info) any garbage bytes can result in
this print failing.

.TP
.B \-c
Print locations lists.

.TP
.B \-E    
Print ELF header information and index, address and size for all sections.
.TP
.B \-Eh
Effectively does nothing (use another tool to print
the Elf file header).
.TP
.B \-El
Print index, address and size for the .debug_line section.
.TP
.B \-Ei
Print index, address and size for the .debug_info section.
.TP
.B \-Ea
Print index, address and size for the .debug_abbrev section.
.TP
.B \-Ep
Print index, address and size for the .debug_pubnames section.
.TP
.B \-Er
Print index, address and size for the .debug_aranges section.
.TP
.B \-Ef
Print index, address and size for the .debug_frame section.
.TP
.B \-Eo
Print index, address and size for the .debug_loc section.
.TP
.B \-ER
Print index, address and size for the .debug_ranges section.
.TP
.B \-Es
Print index, address and size for the .debug_string section.
.TP
.B \-Et
Print index, address and size for the .debug_pubtypes section.
.TP
.B \-Ex
Print index, address and size for the .text section.
.TP
.B \-Ed
Print index, address and size for the .text and .debug_* sections.

.TP
.B \-f
Print the .debug_frame section.
.TP
.B \-F
Print the .eh_frame section.

.TP
.B \-h
Print the dwarfdump options list.

.TP
.B \-i
Print the .debug_info section.

.TP
.B \-I
Print the .gdb_index, .debug_cu_index, .debug_tu_index sections
if any exist.

.TP
.B \-l
Print the .debug_info section and the associated line section data.
.TP
.B \-ls
Print the .debug_info section and the associated line section data, but omits
the <pc> address. Useful when a comparison is required.

.TP
.B \-m
Print the .debug_macinfo section.

.TP
.B \-N
Print .debug_ranges section. Because the DWARF specifications
do not rule out garbage data areas in .debug_ranges (if they are not
referenced from .debug_info) any garbage bytes can result in
this print failing.

.TP
.B \-p
Print the .debug_pubnames section.

.TP
.B \--print-str-offsets
Print the .debug_str_offsets section.

.TP
.B \-r
Print the .debug_aranges section.
.TP
.B \-s
Print .debug_string section.

.TP
.B \-ta
Print the IRIX only sections .debug_static_funcs and .debug_static_vars.

.TP
.B \-tf
Print the IRIX only section .debug_static_funcs.
.TP
.B \-tv
Print the IRIX only section .debug_static_vars.

.TP
.B \-w
Print the IRIX-only .debug_weaknames section.

.TP
.B \-y
Print the .debug_pubtypes section (and .debug_typenames,
an SGI IRIX-only section).

.PP
Having dwarfdump print relocations may help establish whether
dwarfdump understands any relocations that might exist.

.TP
.B \-o    
Print all relocation records as well as we can manage.
.TP
.B \-oi  
Print .rel*debug_info relocations.
.TP
.B \-ol  
Print .rel*debug_line relocation.
.TP
.B \-op  
Print .rel*debug_pubnames relocation.
.TP
.B \-oa  
Has no effect.
.TP
.B \-or  
Print .rel*debug_aranges relocations.
.TP
.B \-of  
Print .rel*debug_frame relocations.
.TP
.B \-oo  
Print .rel*debug_loc relocations.
.TP
.B \-oR  
Print .rel*debug_ranges relocations.

.TP
.B \-g
Normally used only for testing libdwarf, this tells dwarfdump to
use an older dwarf_loclist() interface
function (a function that cannot handle all 
DWARF4 or DWARF5
location lists).
Before November 2015 it implied -i, now you should use
-i -g to also get .debug_info printed.
.TP
.B \-V  
Print a dwarfdump date/version string and stop.

.SH CHECKING OPTIONS
.TP
.B \-cg 
Restricts checking to compilers whose
producer string starts with 'GNU'
and turns off -cs.

.TP
.B \-cs
Restricts checking to compilers whose
producer string starts with 'SN'
and turns off -cg.
.TP
.B \-cname
Restricts checking to compilers whose
producer string contains 'name' (not case sensitive).
The 'name' is read as a URI string.

.TP
.B \-ka
Turns on all checking options except -kxe (-kxe might
be slow enough one mignt not want to use it routinely.)

.TP
.B \-kb
Checks for certain abbreviations section errors when reading DIEs.
.TP
.B \-kc 
Checks for errors in constants in debug_info.
.TP
.B \-kd 
Turns on full reporting of error totals per producer.
(the default shows less detail).
.TP
.B \-kD 
Turns on reporting of duplicated attributes.
Duplicated attributes on a single DW_TAG are
improper DWARF, but at least one compiler
emitted such.
.TP
.B \-ke 
Turns on reading pubnames and checking for fde errors.
.TP
.B \-kE 
Checks the integer encoding representation in debug_info,
computing whether these integer values
could fit in fewer bytes if represented in LEB128.

.TP
.B \-kf 
Turns on checking for FDE errors.
.TP
.B \-kF 
Turns on checking for line table errors.
.TP
.B \-kg 
Turns on checking for unused gaps in .debug_info (these
gaps are not an error, just a waste of space).
.TP
.B \-kG 
Print only unique errors. Error lines are simpified
(hex numbers removed, for example) and when
a given message string would otherwise appear 
again it is suppressed.
.TP
.B \-ki 
Causes a summary of checking results per compiler (producer)
to be printed at the end.
.TP
.B \-kl 
Turns on locations list checking.
.TP
.B \-km 
Turns on checking of ranges.
.TP
.B \-kM 
Turns on checking of aranges.
.TP
.B \-kr
Turns on DIE tag-attr combinations checking.
.TP
.B \-kR 
Turns on reading DIEs and checking for forward declarations
rom DW_AT_specification attributes.
(which are not an error but can be a source of inefficiency
for debuggers).
.TP
.B \-ks 
Turns on extra reporting for some DIE errors checking detects.
.TP
.B \-kS 
Turns on checking DIE references for circular references.
.TP
.B \-kt 
Turns on tag-tag combinations checking.
.TP
.B \-ku 
Print tag-tree and tag-attribute usage (basic format). 
.TP
.B \-kuf
Print tag-tree and tag-attribute usage (full format). 
For standard TAGs and ATtributes this presents an overview
of how they were used.
.TP
.B \-kx 
Turns on check_frames.
.TP
.B \-kxe 
Turns off basic check_frames and turns on extended frame checking.
.TP
.B \-ky 
Turns on type_offset, decl_file checking,

.SH OPTION MODIFIERS

.TP
.B \-C 
Normally when checking for tag-tag or tag-attribute combinations
both the standard combinations and some common extensions are allowed.
With -C the extensions are taken out of the allowed class of combinations.

.TP
.B \-d
When printing DIEs, put all the attributes for each DIE on the same (long)
line as the TAG. This makes searching for DIE information
(as with grep) much simpler as the entire DIE is on one line.

.TP
.B \-D
Turns off the display of section offsets and attribute values in printed output.
So the .debug_info output is just TAGs and Attributes.
For pubnames (and the like) it removes offsets from the output.
For locations lists it removes offsets from the output, but that
is useless since the attribute values don't show so neither does
the location data.

.TP
.B \-e
Turns on truncation of attribute and tag names. For example
DW_TAG_foo becomes foo. Not compatible with
checking, only useful for printing DIEs.

.TP
.B \-G
When printing, add global offsets to the offsets printed.

.TP
.B \-H number 
When printing or checking .debug_info, this terminates
the search after 'number' compilation units. When printing
frame information this terminates the FDE reporting 
after 'number' FDEs and the CIE reporting (which occurs if one adds -v)
after 'number' CIEs. Example '-H 1'

.TP
.B \-M 
When printing, this means one want to have the FORM show for each attribute.
If a -v is also added (or more than one) then details of any form indirection
are also shown.

.TP
.B \-n 
When printing frames, this turns off the search for function names.
In a really large object the search can take more time than
one wants to wait, so this avoids the search.
.TP
.B \-O file=<path>
The <path> will be used as the file name for output instead 
of writing to stdout (stdout is the default).
.TP
.B \-Q 
Suppresses section data printing (set automatically with a checking option).

.TP
.B \-R 
When printing frames for ABIs with lots of registers, this allows
up to 1200 registers to be named (like R999) without choosing an ABI
with, for example '-x abi=ppc'

.TP 
.B \-v
Increases the detail shown when printing.
In some sections, using more -v options
will increase the detail (one to three are useful) or may
change the report to show, for example, the actual
line-data-commands instead of the resultant line-table.

.SH SELECTIVE ENTRY PRINTING

.PP
These -S options stand alone and basic print information about the compilation
unit and DIE where the string(s) appear.
At most one of each of the following is effective (so for example
one can only have one 'match', but one can 
have a 'match', an 'any', and a 'regex').
Any -S causes the .debug_info section to be inspected.
No checking options or printing options should be supplied with -S.

If v is added to the -S option, the number of occurrences is printed.
(see below for an example).

.TP
.B \-S match=string
When printing DIEs
for each tag value or attribute name that matches 'string' exactly
print the compilation unit information and its section offset.
Any CU with no match is not printed.
The 'string' is read as a URI string.
.TP
.B \-S any=string   
When printing DIEs
for each tag value or attribute name that contains 'string'
somewhere in the tag or attribute (case insensitive)
print the compilation unit information and its section offset.
Any CU with no match is not printed.
The 'string' is read as a URI string.
.TP
.B \-S regex=string 
When printing DIEs
for each tag value or attribute name where the 'string' reqular
expression matches print the compilation unit information
and its section offset.
Any CU with no match is not printed.
The 'string' is read as a URI string.

.PP
The string cannot have spaces or other characters which are
meaningful to getopt(3) and the shell will strip off quotes and
other characters.
So the string is assumed to be in URI style and is translated.
In other words, to match 'a b' make the -S string 'a%20b'
Instead of escaping " quotes in the string, type %25, as in
 'a "b' should be typed 'a%20%25b'
(the ' are for exposition here, not part of the strings).
Any characters can be typed in URI style, not just characters
which are problematic to the shell or getopt.
.PP
The -S any= and -S regex= options are only usable
if the library functions required are found at configure time.
.PP
The -W option is a modifier to the -S option, and
increases the amount of output -W prints.
An example v modifier to the -S option is shown below.
And we show the -W in context with a -S option.

.TP
.B \-S vmatch=string1 
Prints information about the
DIEs that -S matches and prints the count of occurrences

.TP
.B \-S match=string1 -W
Prints the parent tree and the children tree for the
DIEs that -S matches.

.TP
.B \-S match=string2 -Wp
Prints the parent tree for the DIEs that -S matches.

.TP
.B \-S match=string3 -Wc
Prints the parent tree for the DIEs that -S matches.

.SH OTHER OPTIONS

.TP
.B \-# number 
This option controls internal debugging output,
higher numbers mean more debug actions. See the source code.


.TP
.B \-x name=/p/a/t/h.conf 
The file path given is the name of a file assumed to be
a dwarfdump.conf-like file.
The file path is read as a URI string.

.TP
.B \-x abi=ppc  
Selects the abi (from a dwarfdump.conf file) to be used in
printing frame information (here using ppc as an example).
The abi is read as a URI string.

.TP
.B \-x groupnumber=<n>
For an object file with both DWARF5 split dwarf (.debug_info.dwo
for example)  and ordinary
DWARF sections (.debug_info for example)
in the single object file
one must use
-x groupnumber=2 to print the dwo sections.
Adding -x tied=<path> naming the same object file ties
in the non-dwo sections.

.TP
.B \-x tied=/t/i/depath
Used when opening a main object that is a .dwo or .dwp file.
The tied file path names the executable which has
the .debug_addr section that may be referred to from
the main object. See Split Objects (aka Debug Fission).
.TP
.B \-x line5=s2l
Normally used only to test libdwarf interfaces.
There are 4 different interface function sets and to ensure
they all work this option lets us choose which
to use.  The options are 's2l' (default, Allows standard
and two-level line tables using the latest
interface functions), 'std' (Allows standard
single level line tables using the latest
interface functions), 'orig' (allows DWARF2,3,4
original line tables using an older
interface function set), 'orig2l' (allows original line tables
and some two-level line tables using an older interface set).

.TP
.B \-P 
When checking this adds the list of compilation-unit names
seen for each producer-compiler to the printed checking results.
.TP
.B \-q
When a URI is found and translated while reading
the command line, be quiet about
the URI translation. That is, don't print the
original and translated option strings.

.TP
.B \-E 
Turns on printing object-internal header data for some
systems (for Unix/Linux does nothing).

.TP
.B \-u cuname 
Turns on selective printing of DIEs (printing like -i).
Only the DIEs for a compilation unit that match the
name provided are printed.
If the compilation unit is ./a/b/c.c
the 'cuname' you provide should be c.c as the characters
through the final path-separating / are ignored.
If 'cuname' begins with a / then the entire name string
of a compilation unit must match 'cuname'.
The 'cuname' is read as a URI string.

.TP
.B \-U
Turn off the URI interpretation of the command line
strings entirely. Must be be on the command line before
any URI strings encountered to be fully effective.

.TP
.B \-z
No longer supported.


.SH FILES
dwarfdump

 ./dwarfdump.conf

$(HOME)/.dwarfdump.conf

$(HOME)/dwarfdump.conf

<install-prefix>/lib/dwarfdump.conf
.SH NOTES
In some cases compilers use DW_FORM_data1 (for example)
and in such cases the signedness of the value must be taken
from context. Rather than attempt to determine the
context, dwarfdump prints the value with both signednesses
whenever there is ambiguity about the correct interpretation.
For example, 
"DW_AT_const_value           176(as signed = -80)".
For normal DWARF consumers that correctly and fully
evaluate all attributes there is no ambiguity of signedness:
the ambiguity for dwarfdump is due to dwarfdump evaluating
DIEs in a simple order and not keeping track of much context.
.SH BUGS
Support for DWARF3 is being completed but may not be complete.
